Size and Distance of The Planets

1, The largest planet (the sun it NOT a planet) Jupiter with the diameter of 142,000km.

2, The smallest is mercury with the diameter of 4,880km, since Pluto is not considered a planet any more.

3, Venus is nearly the same size of the earth. The earth being 12,800km and Venus being 12,100km.

4, Mars is smaller then earth by 6,000km.

5, Saturn has the ring system.

6, And Jupiter has the most number of moons.(about 62)

7, Mimas is around Saturn.

8, Huygens-Cassini landed on Saturns largest moon, called Titan.

9, The picture on the top right corner is the surface of Mars. The surface of Mars is a red-rusty color covered in rocks.

11, Th great Red Spot is on jupiter >>

12, In 1994 on July 16-22 fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy hit the surface of Jupiter. Earth could easily be swallowed .

10, The pictures below show Venus's surface.

Illness Associated with Lungs!

Asthma- briconchales constricts (becomes smaller) reducing size of avrivays. Emphysema is when the lungs become stiff with fibers and less elastic muscles must work hard. Bronchitis is when airways become inflamed and narrows. Pneamothoray is air in the chest cavity that equalizes pressure inside and out causing lungs to collapse. Apnea is breathing slowly or not at all. Pulmonary edema is fluid between alveolars and capillary builds up. Increases distance over which causes exchange. Smoke inhalation is smoke particles coat the alveolars and prevent gas exchange. Carbon monoxide poison is when carbon binds to hemoglobin more tightly than either oxygen or CD.(CO2)

Illness Associated with Lungs!

Asthma- briconchales constricts (becomes smaller) reducing size of avrivays. Emphysema is when the lungs become stiff with fibers and less elastic muscles must work hard. Bronchitis is when airways become inflamed and narrows. Pneamothoray is air in the chest cavity that equalizes pressure inside and out causing lungs to collapse. Apnea is breathing slowly or not at all. Pulmonary edema is fluid between alveolars and capillary builds up. Increases distance over which causes exchange. Smoke inhalation is smoke particles coat the alveolars and prevent gas exchange. Carbon monoxide poison is when carbon binds to hemoglobin more tightly than either oxygen or CD.(CO2)

Heart

1, The difference between the left ventricle and the right is that the right ventricle is the chamber that receives the blood from the right atrium. It then pumps the blood into the lungs. The left ventricle is thicker because, it is the chamber that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the system circulation, throughout the body.
2, The aorta looked like a tube that felt extremely tough and stretchy, it is this way cause its delivers the blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
3, The aorta didn't have much of its own blood supply.
4, Their where two pulmonary veins that lead into the right atrium, and two that lead to the left atrium..
5, The heart muscle, known as the myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart. It is composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells. The cardiac muscle can contract electricity but also conduct it, like nerves.
6, For human transplants the valve we use from the pig is the mistral valve. To have this transplant once a day the patience intakes cyclosporin and tacrolimus.

Digestive System

1, Carbohydrates are simple molecules. They are straight chains Keaton's with many hydride groups added. Usually one of each carbon atom isn't" t part of the rettox function group. Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant molecules that fill important roles. Most important roles are storage, transporting energy, and structural components. Carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine.

2, Animals store glucose as cells convect to starch. This happens in the liver and muscle tissues as an instant source of energy.

4, Saturated fat is a type of single bound animals and vegetable fat as that found in butters, meat, egg yolk, coconut, or palm oil. Saturated fats can also increase cholesterol levels in the blood of humans.
Unsaturated fat is liquid (in room temperature) fat from derived plants and some animal sources, such as fish. It can reduce blood cholesterol levels, if there is less saturated fat intake.

5, Osteoporosis is a disease when lacking calcium, such as milk.

6, Bile is a fluid that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in absorption and digestion of fats.

7, Rickets is caused by lack of vitamin D.

8, Large intestines main function is to absorb water fran and eliminates the residue of digestion.

9, BMI stands for Body Mass Index. I recommend 1,730 calories for my BMI.

10, Playing Rainbow Mart I learnt many things about labelling.
1,Peanut butter counts as a meant substance. 2Tbsp of peanut butter is worth 50-100grams of meat.
2, Some labells an packaged foods contains "health claims" that fill you how foods choices effect your health.
3, Jam is in the "others" in the food groups, because they are high in sugar and fat.
4, Using skim milk powder in cooking and baking stretches your budget.
5, Fiber is most important to help your bounds work properly. Aim for 25 grams per day. Look for whole grains and other high fiber to boost your fibres intake.

11, The importants in a teenagers diet is to have 1300mg of calcium a day.
12,a, Protein builds and repairs your muscles and organs.
b, Nutrients are chemical substances found in food and are essential for life.
c, Teenagers need 1300 mg of calcium a day.
d, Nutritional value of food depends on what you eat not when you eat. Snacks from the five food groups are just as nutritiouse as meals.
e, Fat gives your more then twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates.
f, Fruits and vegetables are some of the best sources of vitamin A and C.
g, Eating a wide variety of all the food groups is all the nutrients your body needs.
h, Fat supplies a 9 calories per gram.
i, A half-pint (8ounce) of milk provides 13% of the protein and 25% of the calories and rebaflaim a teenagers needs daily.

Digestive System

1, Carbohydrates are simple molecules. They are straight chains Keaton's with many hydride groups added. Usually one of each carbon atom isn't" t part of the rettox function group. Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant molecules that fill important roles. Most important roles are storage, transporting energy, and structural components. Carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine.

2, Animals store glucose as cells convect to starch. This happens in the liver and muscle tissues as an instant source of energy.

4, Saturated fat is a type of single bound animals and vegetable fat as that found in butters, meat, egg yolk, coconut, or palm oil. Saturated fats can also increase cholesterol levels in the blood of humans.
Unsaturated fat is liquid (in room temperature) fat from derived plants and some animal sources, such as fish. It can reduce blood cholesterol levels, if there is less saturated fat intake.

5, Osteoporosis is a disease when lacking calcium, such as milk.

6, Bile is a fluid that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in absorption and digestion of fats.

7, Rickets is caused by lack of vitamin D.

8, Large intestines main function is to absorb water fran and eliminates the residue of digestion.

9, BMI stands for Body Mass Index. I recommend 1,730 calories for my BMI.

10, Playing Rainbow Mart I learnt many things about labelling.
1,Peanut butter counts as a meant substance. 2Tbsp of peanut butter is worth 50-100grams of meat.
2, Some labells an packaged foods contains "health claims" that fill you how foods choices effect your health.
3, Jam is in the "others" in the food groups, because they are high in sugar and fat.
4, Using skim milk powder in cooking and baking stretches your budget.
5, Fiber is most important to help your bounds work properly. Aim for 25 grams per day. Look for whole grains and other high fiber to boost your fibres intake.

11, The importants in a teenagers diet is to have 1300mg of calcium a day.
12,a, Protein builds and repairs your muscles and organs.
b, Nutrients are chemical substances found in food and are essential for life.
c, Teenagers need 1300 mg of calcium a day.
d, Nutritional value of food depends on what you eat not when you eat. Snacks from the five food groups are just as nutritiouse as meals.
e, Fat gives your more then twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates.
f, Fruits and vegetables are some of the best sources of vitamin A and C.
g, Eating a wide variety of all the food groups is all the nutrients your body needs.
h, Fat supplies a 9 calories per gram.
i, A half-pint (8ounce) of milk provides 13% of the protein and 25% of the calories and rebaflaim a teenagers needs daily.

Energy Transformation

Here are a few examples-
Electrical-Sound=radio or television
Chemical-Electrical=batteries and brain function
Light-Electrical=solar panels

Forms Of Energy

Sound- energy you can hear, like speaking, wind, and music.
Chemical- energy stored in matter, like food, fuel, and matches.
Electrical- energy of moving electrical particles, like lightning, lamps, and trains.
Mechanical- energy in any moving part like a bicycle, running, and trains.
Gravitational- energy in objects above earths surface like a waterfall and bouncy ball.
Magnetic- energy that causes some metals to attract or repel like compasses and magnets.
Thermal- total energy of all the particles in a object like boiling water, or heat plaits.
Elastic- energy stored in an object when it changes shapes like a rubber band, trampoline, or the springs in a car.
Nuclear- energy stored in nucleus of an atom like atomic bombs, sun, stars, or a power station/
Light- energy you can see like daylight, colored lights, and lasers.
Electro-magnetic- energy you can't see like x-rays, radio/micro waves.

Simple Machines

The Inclined Plane- Takes less force to drag an object up an inclined plane, then to lift it vertically. It is the same amount of work just easier and longer. A good example of this is the Egyptian pyramids.

The Wedge- Redirects wood force. Mechanical advantage=slope/height or slope/width

Levers- (three levers)
Class lever 1 like saw, pliers, and scissors
Class lever 2 like nutcracker, wheel barrel
Class lever 3 like bicep curl, fishing

Bohr model

Flourine (F2) Bromine(B2)-

Iodine(I2)-

Batteries

Battries

Not all batteries need acid. There are many lead based batteries like:

1. nickel-iron
2. nickel-zinc
3. Nickel-metal Hydride
4. Nickel-Cadmium
5. Lithium Ion
6. lead calcium
7. lead antimony
8. AGM(Abosrbed Glass Mat Battery)

Bohr Model

The filling order (up to the elements in 20 Calcium is:

a)Two electrons in the first shell, maximum.

b)The next shell has up to eight electrons.

c)And also eight electrons for the next shell.

Dissolving, Concentration, Evaporation, Crystallization

Dissolving

-Is when particles diffuse through the liquid.

-This is a physical change NOT a chemical change.

For example when something like a sugar cube put in hot water, the particles slowly diffuse through the water. When it completely dissolves there is no solid left. This making the water know a solution.

Concentration

-This happens after dissolving.

If there is one sugar cube in a glass of hot water and it dissolves it is less concentrated. Or the solution has more dilute. But if there are three sugar cubes dissolved in a glass of water the solution has a higher concentration of solute.

Evaporation and Crystallization

Salt water can evaporate with time making the salt solution more concentrated. Eventually all the water will evaporate crystals of salt will begin to form called crystallization.

Distillation

The water evaporates, but the salt does not. On the side arm water vapours start to condense. This Fractional Distillation is good for separating solutions and recovering the liquid. There are different separation methods like evaporation or filtering.

Chromatography

The picture shows what a dot of felt pen on paper looks like when put in a beaker of water. It literally shows you the different colours mixed into this pens ink that's making the orange colour.

Settling Materials

Dirt in water settles, it is a example of a settling material.

Separation using Magnetics

Iron and sulphur=iron and aluminum

Filtration

Filters are all around you, especially in your kitchen. Ex. coffee, water, furnace, juices, sewage treatment, atmosphere.

States of Matter

Matter=is an object with mass and volume.
Solid- The particles squished together, slightly vibrating. The particles have broken natural bound but still are close together.
Liquid-There is more vibration between the particles and their natural bound is broken apart. (Vibration tends to force objects apart.) A Solid to a liquid is caused when more energy(vibration) is added.
Gas-The particles are know independent(no interaction) and are moving more faster. A liquid becomes a solid when more energy(vibration) is given to an object.

States of Matter

Pure substance

• some properties throughout
• constant compositions
• homogenise
• one type of particle(atom)

Element

• one type of atom
• cannot be broken down into simpler pieces
• found in periodic table
• H, He, Li, N, CO, Ne

Compound

• mode of two or more elements
• can be broken down
• some properties thorough out
• different properties from properties of the individual atoms
• Na Cl, Na1,H2O

Mechanical mixture

• can see individual pieces by eye
• salad, pizza

Lemon Battery

The way to make a battery is simple. Take and
acidic fruit/vegetables and stick a peace of aluminum and copper. (The more acidic the fruit/vegetables the higher the voltage.) Two lemons wont be able to turn on a light so try different fruits and peaces of aluminum and copper.
Think of anything with large amounts of acid in it, like vinegar.

Experiment!

Safety Open Book Test

1. An acute hazardous chemical shows its effect quickly.(a)
2. Acute hazardous chemical show their reactions within 3 hours. (a)
3. The lead compound contained in leaded gasoline is chronically hazardous.(b)
4. Moderate explosive symbol is (b)
5. The symbol indicating a moderate fire hazard is (b)
6. The symbol indicating a slight corrosive danger is (e)
7. The symbol indicating an extreme poison is (c)
8. The symbol indicating a moderate poison is (a)
9. The symbol indicating a low fire hazard is (d)
10. The symbols poisonous and flammable are very dangerous. (a)
11. An antidote is a material that counteracts the effect of a hazardous chemical. (c)
12. Which of the following products contains an acid? Vinegar (a)
13. Soaps and detergents help to remover oils from clothing because they are able to attractive forces with water and with oils.(a)
14.Compared to making suds in hard water, making suds in soft water requires a small amount of salt. (c)
15. Hard water is called "hard" because it contains high concentrations of dissolved substances.(a)
16. In which household situation below would you want to use a non-reactive chemical polishing brass.(a)
17. Symbol #1 indicates compressed gas. (a)
18. Symbol #2 indicates immediately, serious toxic. (c)
19. Symbol #3 indicates other toxic effects. (d)
20. Symbol #4 indicates corrosive. (e)
21. Symbol #5 indicates flammable & combustible. (d)
22. Symbol #6 indicates immediatly seriously toxic.(c)
23. Symbol #7 indicates bio hazard. (a)
24. Symbol #8 indicates dangerously reactive. (e)

Science Safety

Duffs survey writes about all the reasons for grade nines large amount of accidents happen in the article "Where and Why Science Accidents Occur." He writes reasons why grade nines have the largest number of accidents compared to all classes in junior and senior high school, and the solutions to the problem.
Duff three main reasons of why grade nines have the large amounts of hazards are because of overcrowding classes, immaturity, and the down points of younger classes.The overcrowding of the classrooms are because of the large amounts of students. This is why classes are changed into an ordinary class not meant for science, not requiring the equipment science classes need for safety. This has happened a few times and is a big possibility for the lower classes large amounts of accidents. The students immaturity is also a great motive, which is said by teachers to be a definite one. Though I question if this is an accurate, for grade nines are not the only ones how have trouble concentrating, understanding, and reading the directions. Therefore it be more thinkable to have said that grade eights are the immature ones. Then Duff writes of the down points of lower classes. Not only do more then 50% of the teachers lack work experience, but also curriculum is second hand from higher grades. This means weakly written laboratory instructions. Amazingly we hesitate to think that grade nines have had more accidents then other classes. Duffs three main reasons of grade nines large amounts of accidents are because of the overcrowding of the classes, immaturity, and the lower classes down points.
Duff then writes about the three main solutions to the problems grade nines are causing by, students reading pre-labs, giving pretests, and making sure they understand. The pretest should be read out by the students and questions almost to be required. When students are asked to read out they seem to understand and pay attention to what is said. Another possibility is to pretest them on the technique, procedure, and safety of the laboratory. It can be harsh to students giving them low grades, but they must realize the danger of how important it is to understand the safety. Lastly, the one most significant is making sure the students understand the safety rules. This can save accidents from happening. Duff's solutions of the large amount of problems grade nines cause are students reading pre-labs, giving them pretests, and making sure they understand safety rules.
Larry Duff's survey writes why grade nines have the largest amount of problems compared to all other levels throughout junior and Senior high school, and the solutions. He has written it in an article called, "Where and Why Science Accidents Happen."